Reliability indicators mainly include reliability, mean lifespan, failure rate, and failure density.

　　1. Reliability: Product reliability, or the probability of normal operation, refers to the probability that a product will perform its intended function under specified conditions and within a specified time. When calculating reliability, the larger the number of products at the start of the test and the smaller the test interval, the higher the accuracy of the reliability.

　　In evaluating product reliability, failure probability or damage probability is also commonly used. Failure probability is the probability of the corresponding event for reliability. Reliability and failure probability are very simple and intuitive for evaluating the reliability of components, switching power supplies, transformers, chargers, or complex systems. The higher the reliability, the lower the failure probability, and the higher the reliability.

　　2. Mean Lifespan: The mean lifespan of a product refers to the average normal operating time of the product. It has different meanings for irreparable and repairable products.

　　For irreparable products, mean lifespan refers to the average operating time before product failure, usually called MTTF, which is the average time before failure.

　　For repairable products, mean lifetime refers to the average operating time between two consecutive failures, also known as mean time between failures (MTBF).

　　MTTF and MTBF have similar meanings and consistent mathematical expressions.

　　3. Failure Rate: The failure rate (failure intensity) of a product at any given time t is defined as the probability that the product will fail within a unit of time after operating for up to time t. In other words, the failure rate is the ratio of the number of failures within a unit of time after time t to the number of products still operating at time t.

　　Failure rate is commonly used to represent the reliability of electronic products and components; a lower failure rate indicates higher reliability. The unit of failure rate is a percentage of time, such as %/h or %/kh, representing the percentage of tested products that fail within one hour (or 1000 hours). Internationally, fit is commonly used as the unit of failure rate; one fit is defined as one failure occurring after 1000 hours of operation out of 1 million components.

　　4. Failure Density: The failure density (failure frequency) of a product refers to the ratio of the number of products that fail per unit time to the initial number (total) of products under test. Products that fail during the test are not replaced.

　　The unit of failure density is 1/h, which is the ratio of the number of products that fail per hour to the total number of products under test.

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