The principle of pulse charging in linear adapters is based on the intermittent delivery of electrical energy to the battery. Instead of providing a continuous current, pulse charging sends short bursts or “pulses” of high - current followed by periods of rest or low - current. This on - off charging pattern has several advantages at the electrochemical level. During the high - current pulse, the battery accepts a large amount of charge quickly. The subsequent rest period allows the ions within the battery to redistribute evenly, reducing the polarization effect. Polarization occurs when there is an accumulation of charge carriers at the electrode - electrolyte interface, which can slow down the charging process and decrease battery efficiency. By interrupting the charging with rest periods, pulse charging helps to mitigate polarization, enabling faster and more efficient charging overall.

　　In terms of applications, pulse charging is widely used in high - performance battery systems. Electric vehicles (EVs) can benefit from pulse charging as it can reduce the charging time while maintaining battery health. The intermittent charging pattern helps to prevent overheating, which is a major concern during fast charging of large - capacity EV batteries. Pulse charging is also employed in the charging of lithium - ion batteries used in consumer electronics such as smartphones and laptops. It can improve the battery's cycle life, allowing the battery to be charged and discharged more times before its capacity significantly degrades. Moreover, in industrial settings, pulse charging is used for charging large battery banks in forklifts and other heavy - duty equipment, enhancing the productivity and lifespan of these critical power sources.

　　Constant Voltage and Constant Current Charging Modes in Linear Adapters

　　The constant voltage and constant current charging modes are two fundamental operating strategies in linear adapters, each serving a distinct purpose in the battery - charging process. In the constant current (CC) mode, the adapter supplies a fixed amount of current to the battery throughout the initial charging stage. This is crucial, especially for deeply discharged batteries, as it ensures a stable and controlled charge input. By maintaining a constant current, the battery is charged at a predictable rate, preventing over - stressing the battery's internal components. As the battery voltage gradually rises during the CC charging phase, the adapter monitors the voltage level closely.

　　Once the battery voltage reaches a predefined threshold, the charging mode automatically switches to the constant voltage (CV) mode. In the CV mode, the adapter maintains a fixed voltage output while the charging current gradually decreases as the battery becomes more charged. This is based on the principle that as the battery approaches full capacity, it becomes more difficult to push additional charge into it. By keeping the voltage constant, the adapter allows the battery to accept the charge at its own pace, preventing overcharging and ensuring that the battery reaches its maximum capacity safely. This two - stage charging process is highly effective for most rechargeable batteries, including lithium - ion, nickel - metal hydride, and lead - acid batteries. It maximizes the charging efficiency while protecting the battery from damage caused by excessive current or voltage, thus extending the battery's service life.

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