Transformers, as critical components in power grids, are prone to various faults due to aging, environmental factors, overloading, or manufacturing defects. One of the most prevalent faults is Winding Faults, which include short circuits (turn-to-turn, phase-to-phase, or winding-to-ground) and open circuits. Turn-to-turn short circuits often occur due to insulation breakdown between adjacent turns, caused by overheating, voltage surges, or mechanical stress. These faults increase current flow in the affected turns, leading to localized overheating and further insulation damage. Open circuits, though less common, can result from broken conductors or poor soldered connections, causing the transformer to stop functioning entirely.

　　Core Faults are another major category, primarily caused by damage to the core’s insulation or improper assembly. The transformer core is made of laminated silicon steel sheets insulated from each other to reduce eddy current losses. If the insulation between laminations is damaged (due to vibration, corrosion, or mechanical impact), eddy currents increase significantly, leading to core overheating, discoloration, and even melting of the laminations. Another core-related fault is “core grounding faults,” where the core becomes grounded at multiple points instead of a single designated ground. This creates circulating currents in the core, causing overheating and damage to the core and surrounding insulation.

　　Insulation Faults affect both the winding insulation and the transformer oil. Winding insulation degrades over time due to heat, moisture, chemical contamination, or electrical stress, leading to reduced dielectric strength. Transformer oil, which acts as both an insulator and a coolant, can become contaminated with water, dust, or oxidation by-products, lowering its insulating properties and heat dissipation efficiency. Insulation faults often precede more severe issues like short circuits or arcing, making early detection critical for preventing transformer failure.

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